BEHAVIORISTIC THERAPY
By: AMAR FARUQ, S.Pd
(Ministry of Religious Teachers BK MIS Gresik East Java)
By: AMAR FARUQ, S.Pd
(Ministry of Religious Teachers BK MIS Gresik East Java)
1. Historical Background
Arnold Lazarus (born 1932) received education in Johannesberg, South Africa. He is the youngest of four children. Mesikipun raised in South Africa, he identified himself with the United States. At a very young age she felt how racism and discrimination can not be received. This view often led to him getting into fights.
The first time he entered college in the English Department, then moved to the Sociology and Psychology. He took a master in 1957 in the field of experimental psychology and Ph. D. in 1960 in the field of clinical psychology. Behavior Therapy and Beyond (1971) is one of the books of the early books that discuss the Lazarus cognitive-behavioral therapy, which successively became systematic and comprehensive approach as a multidimensional therapy (multi-tool).
2. The basic concept Behavioral theory
Behavioral counselor limiting behavior as a function of the interaction between the innate with the environment. Observable behavior is a major concern of the counselors as criteria for measuring the success of counseling. Man according to this view is not the result of encouragement are not aware of the kind described by Sigmund Freud. In bahvioral concept, human behavior is the result of learning, so it can be changed by manipulating and mengkreasi learning conditions. Basically, the counseling process is a settlement process or a learning experience to help individuals to change their behavior to solve the problem.
Thoresen (Shertzer & Stone, 1980) as cited by Surya (1988), gives the characteristics of behavioral counseling as follows:
a. Most human behavior can be learned and therefore can be changed.
b. The changes specific to individual environments can assist in changing behaviors that are relevant; prosedurprosedur counseling trying to bring the relevant changes in client behavior by changing the environment.
c. The principles of social learning, such as "reinforcement" and "social modeling", can be used to develop counseling procedures.
d. The effectiveness of counseling and counseling outcome assessed from the changes in specific behaviors of clients outside the counseling interviews.
e. Counseling procedures are not static, fixed, or predetermined, but can be specifically designed to assist clients in solving specific problems.
So essentially the task of the counselor to the client in this behavioral theory is to apply the principles of human learning to give facilities to the replacement maladaptif behaviors with more adaptive behaviors. That provides a means to achieve the target clients, by freeing someone of behavior that interfere with an effective life in accordance with democratic values of individual rights to freely pursue their desired target along the target is in line with the good of society in general. (Corey, 1995)
Thus it is clear that behavioral counseling requires skill and sensitivity in high-level working relationships with clients. Behavioral counseling tend to be active for directing and serves as a consultant to solve the problem. Because they use the models work hard to encourage behavior change in client's natural environment, the important thing to get attention is that they personally could be supporting.
3. Characteristics of Behavioral Counseling
a. Most human behavior can be learned and therefore can be changed
b. The changes specific to individual environments can assist in changing behaviors that are relevant; prosedurprosedur counseling trying to bring the relevant changes in client behavior by inviromental canges
c. The principles of social learning, such as "reinforcement" and "socialmodeling", can be used to develop counseling procedures
d. The effectiveness of counseling and counseling outcome assessed from the changes in specific behaviors of clients outside the counseling interviews
e. Counseling procedures are not static, fixed, or predetermined, but can be specifically designed to assist clients in solving specific problems (Thoresen in Shertzer & Stone, 1980.188)
4. Therapist Role
The role of therapists in counseling are:
a. Apply the principles of human learning to give facilities to the replacement maladaptif behavior with more adaptive behaviors.
b. Providing a means to achieve the target clients, by freeing someone from disruptive behavior that effective life in accordance with democratic values of individual rights to freely pursue their desired target along the target is in line with the general good of society
5. Clients experience the therapist
One of the unique contribution of behavior therapy is a system of well-defined procedure that is used by therapists in a relationship with a well defined role well. Behavioral therapies also provide the client with a well defined role, and stressed the importance of awareness and participation of clients in the therapeutic process. Carkhuff and Berenson (1967) showed that although the client may be in the role as a "receiver ynag passive techniques", he was given enough information about the techniques used. They stated that "while the therapist has primary responsibility client is the focus of attention with little attention to social values, the influence of parents, and not the basic processes. The behavior modification therapists must first provide details about what is and will be done at each stage of the process of treatment "(Carkhuff and Berenson, 1967. P. 92).
Marquis (1974), which uses the principles of behavioral approaches to support effective personality changes, looking at the need for active role of clients in the process of therapy. Through behavior therapy model, Marquis describes a three-phase program that involves the full participation and active clients. First, the client's behavior is now analyzed and reach a clear understanding of the behavior of end dengna active participation of clients in every part of the installation process tujuant-goal. Second, alternative ways that can be taken by the client in achieving the objectives, are explored. Third, a planned treatment program, which is usually based on small steps that gradually from the current client's behavior toward behavior that is expected to assist clients in achieving goal
.6. The relationship between client and counselor
There is a tendency that becomes part of some critics to characterize the relationship between therapist and client in the therapist's behavior as a relationship of mechanical, manipulative, and very impersonal. However, most penulsi in the field of behavior therapy, especially Wolpe (1985, 1969), states that the establishment of good personal relationship is one essential aspect in the therapeutic process.
As mentioned earlier, the essential role is the role of therapist as agent reinforcement giver. The therapist's behavior is not printed to play a cold and impersonal that they dwarf the programmed machines that impose the techniques to clients who like robots.
However, it appears that in general the therapist's behavior does not provide the major role of variables related to the client's therapist. Even so, most of them recognize that factors such as warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary conditions, but not sufficient, for the emergence of behavioral changes in the therapeutic process.
7. Techniques and Therapeutic Procedures
One contribution of behavior therapy is the development of therapeutic procedures are specific and are likely to be improved through scientific methods. In behavioral therapy, specific techniques can be used systematically varied and the results can be evaluated. These techniques can be used if the time is right to use it, and many of which can be incorporated into the practice of psychotherapy is based on other models. Specific techniques that will be described below can be applied to the therapy and individual and group counseling
8. Behavioral Counseling Methods
Regarding behavioral counseling methods, Kumboltz categorize into four approaches namely pendekatam: (1) operant learning, (2) Cognitive Learning, and (3) Emotional learning.
a. Operant Learning Method
Of operant learning approaches of the most important is reinforcement (reinforcement) that can produce the desired client behavior. The counselor is expected to take advantage of situations from the client to reinforce the desired behavior of the client, so it can determine the right time to provide reinforcement to the client. In applying this reinforcement there are four things to note are: (1) strengthening of the applied should have enough possibilities to encourage client, (2) strengthening should be implemented systematically, (3) counselors need to know when and how to provide reinforcement, and (4) the counselor should be able to design behaviors that require strengthening. (Surya, 1988)
b. Learning cognitive methods
Is a verbal teaching methods, the contract between the counselor and client, and play a role. This method is more emphasis on aspects of cognitive changes in an effort Formatting client clients in solving the problem.
The main goal of cognitive methods are: (1) generate pikiranpikiran patients, the internal dialogue or self talk (self-talk), and interpretation of kehadian-experienced events, (2) counselor with the client to collect evidence to support or refute interpretasiinterpretasi that have been taken, (3) arrange with the experiment (homework) to test the validity of the interpretation and capture additional data for discussion in counseling treatment process.
Counselling cognitive particularly directed to bring kesalahankesalahan or error-error in thinking. Example errors are:
1) Thinking Dikotomik. Ie think of the all extreme without judgments or opinions realativistik in the middle (black vs. white, all vs. none at all)
2) selective abstraction, separation of a fraction of the overall sitausi by ignoring the remaining part is much bigger or important.
3) Inference arbitrary (random, not arbitrary), which drew the conclusion that an inference from the evidence that is irrelevant.
4) Overgeneralisasi, which concluded a specific negative event, as a negative event as a whole.
5) Catastropishing, namely to think the worst thing in a situation. (Retnowati, 2002)
9. Behavioral Counseling Techniques
There are several behavioral counseling techniques, as disclosed by Gerald Corey (1995) which can be applied to client concerns, among others:
a. Systematic desensitization
The basic assumption underlying the technique of systematic desensitization is that the response to anxiety that can be learned or conditioned, and can be prevented by making a substitution in the form of a hostile nature activity. Stimuli that produce anxiety many times done with exercises to relax until the relationship between stimulusstimulus and response to anxiety was deleted.
Moris (1986) outline of systematic desensitization into three steps:
1. Relaxing exercises
During the beginning of the session and keeping the client be taught how to relax. The goal is for autonomous mental muscles become loose and relaxed and easy to learn. Once clients learn to relax, then the most important is the client seriap day practice in order to obtain maximum results.
2. Development of a hierarchy of anxiety.
Stimulus triggers anxiety in certain areas such as rejection, jealousy, criticism, disapproval, or other phobias, were analyzed. Counselors make a chronological list of circumstances that sparked the emergence of anxiety and penampikkan growing. Hierarchy is arranged in sequences ranging from the worst situation imaginable by the client until kesituasi that causes the least anxiety.
3. Disentisiasi systematic proper.
Desentisisasi process begins with a client who had been perfectly relaxed with eyes closed. Neutral scenario put forward, and clients are asked to imagine. If the client remains relaxed, asked to imagine a scenario that is at least manimbulkan anxiety in the hierarchy of anxiety that has been developed. Konselorbergerak advanced in the hierarchy until the client is a hint that the situation of the client's anxiety and at that scenario discontinued. Then the relaxation of tensions began again, and clients continue rising kehierarki thereon. Treatment stopped when the client remains in a state of relaxed at the time he had ever imagined a scenario where a state of the most disturbing and cause anxiety.
b. Modeling Methods
The term modeling, it also means learning by watching imitate, and learn socialization. Modeling is the process of doing that carried by an individual or group behavior (model) as a stimulus occurrence of thoughts, attitudes, and similar behavior on the part of observers. Through the process of learning by observing their own clients can learn to show the desired behavior without having to learn through trial and error.
c. Manage yourself
Watson and Trap provides a model that was designed to change self-directed, ie there are four stages:
a. Screening targets
b. Translating targets into the desired behavior
c. Monitor the development of self-
d. Finalizing the plan changes.
In addition there are four steps that self-reinforcement method that is very supportive in the success of the counseling process. Use of reinforcement to change behavior is to select the appropriate dirisendiri pengganjaran on, which gives a personal motivation. (Grace, 2000)
Arnold Lazarus (born 1932) received education in Johannesberg, South Africa. He is the youngest of four children. Mesikipun raised in South Africa, he identified himself with the United States. At a very young age she felt how racism and discrimination can not be received. This view often led to him getting into fights.
The first time he entered college in the English Department, then moved to the Sociology and Psychology. He took a master in 1957 in the field of experimental psychology and Ph. D. in 1960 in the field of clinical psychology. Behavior Therapy and Beyond (1971) is one of the books of the early books that discuss the Lazarus cognitive-behavioral therapy, which successively became systematic and comprehensive approach as a multidimensional therapy (multi-tool).
2. The basic concept Behavioral theory
Behavioral counselor limiting behavior as a function of the interaction between the innate with the environment. Observable behavior is a major concern of the counselors as criteria for measuring the success of counseling. Man according to this view is not the result of encouragement are not aware of the kind described by Sigmund Freud. In bahvioral concept, human behavior is the result of learning, so it can be changed by manipulating and mengkreasi learning conditions. Basically, the counseling process is a settlement process or a learning experience to help individuals to change their behavior to solve the problem.
Thoresen (Shertzer & Stone, 1980) as cited by Surya (1988), gives the characteristics of behavioral counseling as follows:
a. Most human behavior can be learned and therefore can be changed.
b. The changes specific to individual environments can assist in changing behaviors that are relevant; prosedurprosedur counseling trying to bring the relevant changes in client behavior by changing the environment.
c. The principles of social learning, such as "reinforcement" and "social modeling", can be used to develop counseling procedures.
d. The effectiveness of counseling and counseling outcome assessed from the changes in specific behaviors of clients outside the counseling interviews.
e. Counseling procedures are not static, fixed, or predetermined, but can be specifically designed to assist clients in solving specific problems.
So essentially the task of the counselor to the client in this behavioral theory is to apply the principles of human learning to give facilities to the replacement maladaptif behaviors with more adaptive behaviors. That provides a means to achieve the target clients, by freeing someone of behavior that interfere with an effective life in accordance with democratic values of individual rights to freely pursue their desired target along the target is in line with the good of society in general. (Corey, 1995)
Thus it is clear that behavioral counseling requires skill and sensitivity in high-level working relationships with clients. Behavioral counseling tend to be active for directing and serves as a consultant to solve the problem. Because they use the models work hard to encourage behavior change in client's natural environment, the important thing to get attention is that they personally could be supporting.
3. Characteristics of Behavioral Counseling
a. Most human behavior can be learned and therefore can be changed
b. The changes specific to individual environments can assist in changing behaviors that are relevant; prosedurprosedur counseling trying to bring the relevant changes in client behavior by inviromental canges
c. The principles of social learning, such as "reinforcement" and "socialmodeling", can be used to develop counseling procedures
d. The effectiveness of counseling and counseling outcome assessed from the changes in specific behaviors of clients outside the counseling interviews
e. Counseling procedures are not static, fixed, or predetermined, but can be specifically designed to assist clients in solving specific problems (Thoresen in Shertzer & Stone, 1980.188)
4. Therapist Role
The role of therapists in counseling are:
a. Apply the principles of human learning to give facilities to the replacement maladaptif behavior with more adaptive behaviors.
b. Providing a means to achieve the target clients, by freeing someone from disruptive behavior that effective life in accordance with democratic values of individual rights to freely pursue their desired target along the target is in line with the general good of society
5. Clients experience the therapist
One of the unique contribution of behavior therapy is a system of well-defined procedure that is used by therapists in a relationship with a well defined role well. Behavioral therapies also provide the client with a well defined role, and stressed the importance of awareness and participation of clients in the therapeutic process. Carkhuff and Berenson (1967) showed that although the client may be in the role as a "receiver ynag passive techniques", he was given enough information about the techniques used. They stated that "while the therapist has primary responsibility client is the focus of attention with little attention to social values, the influence of parents, and not the basic processes. The behavior modification therapists must first provide details about what is and will be done at each stage of the process of treatment "(Carkhuff and Berenson, 1967. P. 92).
Marquis (1974), which uses the principles of behavioral approaches to support effective personality changes, looking at the need for active role of clients in the process of therapy. Through behavior therapy model, Marquis describes a three-phase program that involves the full participation and active clients. First, the client's behavior is now analyzed and reach a clear understanding of the behavior of end dengna active participation of clients in every part of the installation process tujuant-goal. Second, alternative ways that can be taken by the client in achieving the objectives, are explored. Third, a planned treatment program, which is usually based on small steps that gradually from the current client's behavior toward behavior that is expected to assist clients in achieving goal
.6. The relationship between client and counselor
There is a tendency that becomes part of some critics to characterize the relationship between therapist and client in the therapist's behavior as a relationship of mechanical, manipulative, and very impersonal. However, most penulsi in the field of behavior therapy, especially Wolpe (1985, 1969), states that the establishment of good personal relationship is one essential aspect in the therapeutic process.
As mentioned earlier, the essential role is the role of therapist as agent reinforcement giver. The therapist's behavior is not printed to play a cold and impersonal that they dwarf the programmed machines that impose the techniques to clients who like robots.
However, it appears that in general the therapist's behavior does not provide the major role of variables related to the client's therapist. Even so, most of them recognize that factors such as warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary conditions, but not sufficient, for the emergence of behavioral changes in the therapeutic process.
7. Techniques and Therapeutic Procedures
One contribution of behavior therapy is the development of therapeutic procedures are specific and are likely to be improved through scientific methods. In behavioral therapy, specific techniques can be used systematically varied and the results can be evaluated. These techniques can be used if the time is right to use it, and many of which can be incorporated into the practice of psychotherapy is based on other models. Specific techniques that will be described below can be applied to the therapy and individual and group counseling
8. Behavioral Counseling Methods
Regarding behavioral counseling methods, Kumboltz categorize into four approaches namely pendekatam: (1) operant learning, (2) Cognitive Learning, and (3) Emotional learning.
a. Operant Learning Method
Of operant learning approaches of the most important is reinforcement (reinforcement) that can produce the desired client behavior. The counselor is expected to take advantage of situations from the client to reinforce the desired behavior of the client, so it can determine the right time to provide reinforcement to the client. In applying this reinforcement there are four things to note are: (1) strengthening of the applied should have enough possibilities to encourage client, (2) strengthening should be implemented systematically, (3) counselors need to know when and how to provide reinforcement, and (4) the counselor should be able to design behaviors that require strengthening. (Surya, 1988)
b. Learning cognitive methods
Is a verbal teaching methods, the contract between the counselor and client, and play a role. This method is more emphasis on aspects of cognitive changes in an effort Formatting client clients in solving the problem.
The main goal of cognitive methods are: (1) generate pikiranpikiran patients, the internal dialogue or self talk (self-talk), and interpretation of kehadian-experienced events, (2) counselor with the client to collect evidence to support or refute interpretasiinterpretasi that have been taken, (3) arrange with the experiment (homework) to test the validity of the interpretation and capture additional data for discussion in counseling treatment process.
Counselling cognitive particularly directed to bring kesalahankesalahan or error-error in thinking. Example errors are:
1) Thinking Dikotomik. Ie think of the all extreme without judgments or opinions realativistik in the middle (black vs. white, all vs. none at all)
2) selective abstraction, separation of a fraction of the overall sitausi by ignoring the remaining part is much bigger or important.
3) Inference arbitrary (random, not arbitrary), which drew the conclusion that an inference from the evidence that is irrelevant.
4) Overgeneralisasi, which concluded a specific negative event, as a negative event as a whole.
5) Catastropishing, namely to think the worst thing in a situation. (Retnowati, 2002)
9. Behavioral Counseling Techniques
There are several behavioral counseling techniques, as disclosed by Gerald Corey (1995) which can be applied to client concerns, among others:
a. Systematic desensitization
The basic assumption underlying the technique of systematic desensitization is that the response to anxiety that can be learned or conditioned, and can be prevented by making a substitution in the form of a hostile nature activity. Stimuli that produce anxiety many times done with exercises to relax until the relationship between stimulusstimulus and response to anxiety was deleted.
Moris (1986) outline of systematic desensitization into three steps:
1. Relaxing exercises
During the beginning of the session and keeping the client be taught how to relax. The goal is for autonomous mental muscles become loose and relaxed and easy to learn. Once clients learn to relax, then the most important is the client seriap day practice in order to obtain maximum results.
2. Development of a hierarchy of anxiety.
Stimulus triggers anxiety in certain areas such as rejection, jealousy, criticism, disapproval, or other phobias, were analyzed. Counselors make a chronological list of circumstances that sparked the emergence of anxiety and penampikkan growing. Hierarchy is arranged in sequences ranging from the worst situation imaginable by the client until kesituasi that causes the least anxiety.
3. Disentisiasi systematic proper.
Desentisisasi process begins with a client who had been perfectly relaxed with eyes closed. Neutral scenario put forward, and clients are asked to imagine. If the client remains relaxed, asked to imagine a scenario that is at least manimbulkan anxiety in the hierarchy of anxiety that has been developed. Konselorbergerak advanced in the hierarchy until the client is a hint that the situation of the client's anxiety and at that scenario discontinued. Then the relaxation of tensions began again, and clients continue rising kehierarki thereon. Treatment stopped when the client remains in a state of relaxed at the time he had ever imagined a scenario where a state of the most disturbing and cause anxiety.
b. Modeling Methods
The term modeling, it also means learning by watching imitate, and learn socialization. Modeling is the process of doing that carried by an individual or group behavior (model) as a stimulus occurrence of thoughts, attitudes, and similar behavior on the part of observers. Through the process of learning by observing their own clients can learn to show the desired behavior without having to learn through trial and error.
c. Manage yourself
Watson and Trap provides a model that was designed to change self-directed, ie there are four stages:
a. Screening targets
b. Translating targets into the desired behavior
c. Monitor the development of self-
d. Finalizing the plan changes.
In addition there are four steps that self-reinforcement method that is very supportive in the success of the counseling process. Use of reinforcement to change behavior is to select the appropriate dirisendiri pengganjaran on, which gives a personal motivation. (Grace, 2000)
No comments:
Post a Comment