GESTALT THERAPY
Olh: AMAR FARUQ, SPd
(Ministry of Religious Teachers BK MIS Gresik East Java)
Olh: AMAR FARUQ, SPd
(Ministry of Religious Teachers BK MIS Gresik East Java)
A. Background
Gestalt psychology, founded by Max Wertheimer, a continuation of the uprising against molekularisme Wundt to the psychology program, who reap the sympathy of many people at that time, including William James. The word Gestalt means a unified whole or full of meaning, which instead focused on psychological assessment.
B. S Frederick Fritz Perls (1893-1970): Gestalt Therapy Main Figures
Gestalt therapy developed by Frederick Perls is a form of existential therapy is based on the premise that individuals find his own way and accept personal responsibility if they hope to reach maturity. Gestalt therapy focuses on what and how his behavior and experience here and now to integrate (integrate) the parts of divided personality and unknown.
The main task of the therapist is to help clients in order to fully experience his existence here and now to wake him for his actions to prevent yourself feel and experience the present moment. Therefore, Gestalt therapy is essentially non interpratatif and wherever possible, clients conduct their own therapy.
C. Essence of Man
1. On the view of Human Nature
Gestalt view of man is rooted in existential philosophy and phenomenology. This view emphasizes concepts such as the expansion of consciousness acceptance of personal responsibility, personal unity and experience in ways that inhibit consciousness. In therapy, Gestalt approach focuses on the recovery of consciousness and the integration of polarities and dichotomies within. Therapy is directed not at the analyst, but the integration goes step by step in therapy until the client becomes strong enough to support her own personal growth.
Gestalt view is that individuals have the ability to take personal responsibility and personal life as fully integrated. Caused by certain problems in its development, individuals form a variety of ways to avoid problems and hence, a stalemate in his personal growth. Therapy provides the required interuensi and challenges, which can help individuals acquire the knowledge and awareness as she stepped toward scouting and growth. By acknowledging and experiencing growth inhibitors, then the individual's awareness of the blocks would be increased so that he could then gather the strength to achieve the existence of a more authentic and vital.
2. At present
For Perls, there is no "there" but "now". Because the past is gone and the future has not arrived yet, then now is the crucial moment. One of the major contributions of Gestalt therapy is its emphasis on the here and now and on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. In discussing the "ethos of the moment" Polster and Polster (1973) developed the thesis that "there is strength in the present".
Their views are "the most difficult truth taught that only now is there and that deviating from it means to deviate from the quality of life that exist in reality" (Polster and Polster, 1973, p. 7). Gestalt therapist actively demonstrate how clients can easily escape from the present and into the past or the future. Perls target is to help people make connections with their experiences in a clear and immediate rather than merely talk about those experiences. Perls believed that people tend to rely on the past to justify ketidaksediannya take responsibility for themselves and for their growth. Perls saw most people find it difficult to live in the present. They would rather do something other than being aware of how they have prevented themselves living life fully.
3. The Unfinished Affairs
In Gestalt therapy there is the concept of an unconsummated affair, which includes feelings are not expressed as resentment, anger, resentment, hurt. Anxiety, status, guilt, feeling neglected, and so on.
Unfinished business that it will last until he is facing and dealing with feelings that do not unfold it. When talking about the effects of an unconsummated affair, Polster and Polster (1973, pp. 36) says, "directions that did not finish it seeking a settlement and if the directions it has gained sufficient strength, then the individual is not troubled by thoughts endless, compulsive behavior, of prudence, which suppresses the energy, and many self-defeating behavior. " How affairs are not finished forming the center of one's existence, the spirit of the man thought to be obstructed. Ideally, people who do not have hampered the freedom to engage spontaneously with what really interested me until his interest was satisfied and something else to invite attention. It is a natural process. People who live according to this rhythm felt Lues, open and effective (Polster and Polster, 1973, hlm.37).
According to Polster and Polster, there are two poles of barriers that impede the process. Which one is the obsession or compulsion that leads to a rigid requirement to complete the unfinished business. The other is the experience of locusts that focus so cepar passed so that the solution becomes obstructed. In view of Perls, regret making the individual fixated, ie he can not approach or engage the authentic communication until he expressed his regrets that. So according to Perls, the disclosure of remorse is a must. Unspeakable regret that often turned into a sense of sin
4. Recusal
a. Means to avoid dr yg blm faces the task is completed and the experience of a morbidly reassure
b. Most people> like to shy away from who experience painful emotions than do the needful to get misguided changes
c. It is difficult to free yourself to trouble, blocking their chances to grow
5. Layers of neurosis
Equate exposure of the personality of adults with barking red onion (peeled five layers of neurosis: pretend (talkative morbidly authentic, hayal), phobia (avoidance of emotional pain dr to see any aspect of the self to be denied), appendix (glued up the process of maturation itself ), implosif (live up to the death rather than deny or escape), explosive (releasing role of sham and pretense, an explosion toward the pain or joy).
6. Contacts And Contact Resistance Against
a. When we made contact with the environment, a change can not be avoided
b. Effective contacts, interact with other org without eliminating the sense of his personality hrs
c. Effective contacts, personal adjustment with a creative environment, and the endless renewal
d. Act of defense that we develop so that we do not live up to the present and the corresponding full scr reality (such as MPE, within this
Five layers of neurosis)
D. The goal of Gestalt Therapy
The main goal of Gestalt counseling is to help clients to dare to face numerous challenges and realities that must be faced. While the specific goals of this therapy is;
a. Assisting the client in order to gain personal awareness, understand the reality or the reality, as well as gain insight in full.
b. Helping clients towards the achievement of the integrity of his personality.
c. Alleviating the client of the condition depends on the consideration of others to self-regulate.
d. Increasing the awareness of individuals so that clients can behave according to the principle - the principle of Gestalt, all problematic situations that arise and always will arise can be resolved by either
E. Process Terapiutik
The goal of Gestalt therapy is not a major adjustment to the community goal of Gestalt therapy is the achievement of consciousness. Awareness with and myself considered curative. Without awareness, the client does not have the tools to change her personality. With awareness, the client has the ability to confront and accept the parts that denying the existence of and to relate to subjective experiences and reality. Clients can become a unified and comprehensive. If the client becomes aware, then the affairs that are not completed will always appear to be addressed in therapy.
1. The working principle of Gestalt Counselling
a. Emphasis Client Responsibilities
b. Orientation Now and Here
c. Experiential orientation
2. The function and role of the therapist
Gestalt therapy focuses on the client's feelings, awareness of present time, message body, and inhibitors of awareness (Corey, 1995: 338). Target maturity of the client and therapist is dismantling "hambatanhambatan that reduce the client's ability to stand on its own feet". Therapist's task is to assist clients in implementing the transition from support
external to the internal support to determine the position of stalemate. Therapists help clients to recognize and penetrate the deadlock by presenting situations that encourage clients to fully experience the ground up. Perls believed that frustrations are necessary for growth, because without frustration, people do not feel the need to explore the sources of herself and realizes that he can manipulate himself as manipulation done to the lai. hatihati if not, then the therapist will be sucked into the manipulation-manipulation of the client. Perls (1996 a hlm.36) suggested that the way to avoid possible manipulation of the client is to let clients find themselves lost its potential. Therapist's task is to present situations that support the growth with clients confront the path to the point where he faces a decision whether it will or will not develop the potential of an essential function of the Gestalt therapist is giving attention to his client's body language. Perls (1969a, hlm.54) says that the posture movements, mimikmimik face, doubts and so forth, can tell the real story. He warned that verbal communication often contain lies and that if the therapist focuses on the contents, then he loses the essence of private clients. Real communication in the opposite words.
Gestalt therapists often ask questions like: What does your eye? if this time you can talk hands, what will he say? Can you establish a conversation between the right and your left hand? General orientation of Gestalt therapy is tansporting manually greater responsibility by the client for their own, for pikiranpikiran,
feelings, and behavior. Therapists confront his clients in ways they are now menghindaritanggung their responsibilities and asked them to make decisions of the continuation of therapy. About what they want to learn from the therapy and about how they want menggunakanwaktu therapy.
Other problems that could be used as the main point of therapy could include the relationship between the client and the Trappist and ways of relating that are used by the client with the same therapist who uses therapy outside the meeting.
In a brief role in counseling gestalt therapist is;
a. Helping a client can hold a transition from external support to internal support and is dialkuakn denagn way to find the location of break-even. Breakeven is the point at which an individual avoid appreciation of feeling threatened by karenadia mearsa less comfortable.
b. Paying attention to the client's body language also put pressure on the relationship anatra language patterns with personality (Corey, 1995: 339-340) While the client in Gestalt therapy is the active participants who make penafsiarn-interpretations and meanings themselves. It is they who achieve increased awareness and that determines what will and will not be done in the learning process. (Corey, 1995: 341-342)
3. The relationship between therapist and client.
Gestalt therapy is an effective practice involves personal relationships to private between therapist and client. What matters is the therapist actively share perceptions and experiences of the present moment when he faces disin client and now. In addition, the therapist provides feedback, especially relating to what is done by the client through his body. The therapist must confront the client with an honest reactions and the direct and challenging client manipulations without rejecting personal kliensebagai (Corey, 1995: 344).
F. Techniques and Therapeutic Procedures
Gestalt therapy techniques include
1. Dialogue Exercise
2. Tour
3. I exercise Responsible
4. Playing Projection
5. Reversal Techniques
6 Stay with Feelings
7. Deuteronomy Games
8. Games exaggerate - exaggerated
Gestalt therapy is more than just a set of techniques or "games". If the personal interaction between therapist and client is at the core of the therapeutic process, techniques can be useful as a tool to assist clients to gain a fuller awareness. Levitsky and Peris (1970: 144-149) presents a brief description of the number of games that can be used in gestalt therapy, among others:
a. - Games dialogue
Gestalt therapy put a greater emphasis on separating the functions of personality. The main thing is the separation between the "top dog" and "underdog". Empty chair technique is a way to invite clients to externalize introyeksinya. In this technique two chairs placed in the middle of the room. The therapist asks the client to sit in a chair that one and play a role as "top dog" and then moved to another seat and became "underdog".
b. Tour
Gestalt therapy is an exercise in which clients are asked to get around to the members of the group and talk or do something with every member of it. The purpose of this technique is to confront, encourage, and reveals himself, experimenting with new behaviors.
c. My practice is responsible for ... "
In this phase, the therapist asked to make a statement on the statement dankemudian adding the phrase "and I am responsible for this". This technique is an extension of the continuum of consciousness and is designed to help people to recognize and accept the feelings rather than projecting his feelings or to others.
d. I have a secret
This technique is intended to explore the feelings of shame berdosadan. The therapist asks the client to fantasize about a personal secret that is well maintained. Imagine how they feel and how others react when they open secret.
e. Projections play
In the game of "playing projection" the therapist asks the client who says "I can not believe you" to play a role as people who can not put trust in order to reveal the extent of mistrust into the conflict within him.
f. Reversal technique
The theory underlying the reversal technique is the theory that the client go into a dreaded because they can cause anxiety and relationships with parts of ourselves that have been suppressed or denied. Therefore, this technique can help the client to start receiving personal attributes that have been tried denying.
g. Game replay
According to Perls, a lot of thought we are a rehash. In fantasy, we are repeating the roles that we think society expects us to play it. When it came time to display, we usually have stage fright or anxiety that we are afraid of not being able to play our roles well. Internal repetition serga spend a lot of energy and spontaneity often inhibit our willingness to experiment with new behavior.
h-game over-exaggerated
This game is associated with the concept of increasing awareness of the signs and subtle cues sent by someone through body language, movements, body attitudes, and mimic the face can communicate meanings that are important. Likewise cues are incomplete. Clients are asked to exaggerate gerakangerakannya or expression on the face repeatedly, which usually mengitensifkan feeling adrift on the behavior and make clearer the inner meaning.
i. Stay with the feeling
This technique can be used on the client shows the feeling or mood that is not fun that he really wanted to avoid it. The therapist urged the client to remain with or resist the feeling that want to avoid it.
j. Gestalt approach to dream work
Gestalt therapy is to interpret and analyze a dream, a dream brought back to life, recreating the dream. The concept of projection is dominant in Perls's theory about the formation of dreams. According to Perls every person and every object that is in the dream represents aspects that projected by the dream. Perls (1969a: 67) argued that "we proceed from the assumption that it is impossible that
whatever we believe, we see in others or in the world
another is not a projection. " A summary discussion of the work of dealing with this dream meant to introduce readers to the common ways in which dreams is a useful technique in gestalt therapy (Corey, 1995: 351-356).
Factors associated with the implementation stage of gestalt techniques are:
1. Time
2. Types of clients handled
3. Setting faced.
Shepherd (1970: 234-235) connecting themselves with these factors and underlines the problems that direfleksikannya: "In general gestalt therapy most effectively deal with individuals who are socialized to excess, inhibited and constricted often described as neurotic, fobik, perfeksonistik, ineffective, despresif and others that psychological functioning is limited or inconsistent. Mainly characterized by internal restrictions and the pleasures of his life at least. Most efforts thus gestalt therapy directed to people with these traits.
Gestalt psychology, founded by Max Wertheimer, a continuation of the uprising against molekularisme Wundt to the psychology program, who reap the sympathy of many people at that time, including William James. The word Gestalt means a unified whole or full of meaning, which instead focused on psychological assessment.
B. S Frederick Fritz Perls (1893-1970): Gestalt Therapy Main Figures
Gestalt therapy developed by Frederick Perls is a form of existential therapy is based on the premise that individuals find his own way and accept personal responsibility if they hope to reach maturity. Gestalt therapy focuses on what and how his behavior and experience here and now to integrate (integrate) the parts of divided personality and unknown.
The main task of the therapist is to help clients in order to fully experience his existence here and now to wake him for his actions to prevent yourself feel and experience the present moment. Therefore, Gestalt therapy is essentially non interpratatif and wherever possible, clients conduct their own therapy.
C. Essence of Man
1. On the view of Human Nature
Gestalt view of man is rooted in existential philosophy and phenomenology. This view emphasizes concepts such as the expansion of consciousness acceptance of personal responsibility, personal unity and experience in ways that inhibit consciousness. In therapy, Gestalt approach focuses on the recovery of consciousness and the integration of polarities and dichotomies within. Therapy is directed not at the analyst, but the integration goes step by step in therapy until the client becomes strong enough to support her own personal growth.
Gestalt view is that individuals have the ability to take personal responsibility and personal life as fully integrated. Caused by certain problems in its development, individuals form a variety of ways to avoid problems and hence, a stalemate in his personal growth. Therapy provides the required interuensi and challenges, which can help individuals acquire the knowledge and awareness as she stepped toward scouting and growth. By acknowledging and experiencing growth inhibitors, then the individual's awareness of the blocks would be increased so that he could then gather the strength to achieve the existence of a more authentic and vital.
2. At present
For Perls, there is no "there" but "now". Because the past is gone and the future has not arrived yet, then now is the crucial moment. One of the major contributions of Gestalt therapy is its emphasis on the here and now and on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment. In discussing the "ethos of the moment" Polster and Polster (1973) developed the thesis that "there is strength in the present".
Their views are "the most difficult truth taught that only now is there and that deviating from it means to deviate from the quality of life that exist in reality" (Polster and Polster, 1973, p. 7). Gestalt therapist actively demonstrate how clients can easily escape from the present and into the past or the future. Perls target is to help people make connections with their experiences in a clear and immediate rather than merely talk about those experiences. Perls believed that people tend to rely on the past to justify ketidaksediannya take responsibility for themselves and for their growth. Perls saw most people find it difficult to live in the present. They would rather do something other than being aware of how they have prevented themselves living life fully.
3. The Unfinished Affairs
In Gestalt therapy there is the concept of an unconsummated affair, which includes feelings are not expressed as resentment, anger, resentment, hurt. Anxiety, status, guilt, feeling neglected, and so on.
Unfinished business that it will last until he is facing and dealing with feelings that do not unfold it. When talking about the effects of an unconsummated affair, Polster and Polster (1973, pp. 36) says, "directions that did not finish it seeking a settlement and if the directions it has gained sufficient strength, then the individual is not troubled by thoughts endless, compulsive behavior, of prudence, which suppresses the energy, and many self-defeating behavior. " How affairs are not finished forming the center of one's existence, the spirit of the man thought to be obstructed. Ideally, people who do not have hampered the freedom to engage spontaneously with what really interested me until his interest was satisfied and something else to invite attention. It is a natural process. People who live according to this rhythm felt Lues, open and effective (Polster and Polster, 1973, hlm.37).
According to Polster and Polster, there are two poles of barriers that impede the process. Which one is the obsession or compulsion that leads to a rigid requirement to complete the unfinished business. The other is the experience of locusts that focus so cepar passed so that the solution becomes obstructed. In view of Perls, regret making the individual fixated, ie he can not approach or engage the authentic communication until he expressed his regrets that. So according to Perls, the disclosure of remorse is a must. Unspeakable regret that often turned into a sense of sin
4. Recusal
a. Means to avoid dr yg blm faces the task is completed and the experience of a morbidly reassure
b. Most people> like to shy away from who experience painful emotions than do the needful to get misguided changes
c. It is difficult to free yourself to trouble, blocking their chances to grow
5. Layers of neurosis
Equate exposure of the personality of adults with barking red onion (peeled five layers of neurosis: pretend (talkative morbidly authentic, hayal), phobia (avoidance of emotional pain dr to see any aspect of the self to be denied), appendix (glued up the process of maturation itself ), implosif (live up to the death rather than deny or escape), explosive (releasing role of sham and pretense, an explosion toward the pain or joy).
6. Contacts And Contact Resistance Against
a. When we made contact with the environment, a change can not be avoided
b. Effective contacts, interact with other org without eliminating the sense of his personality hrs
c. Effective contacts, personal adjustment with a creative environment, and the endless renewal
d. Act of defense that we develop so that we do not live up to the present and the corresponding full scr reality (such as MPE, within this
Five layers of neurosis)
D. The goal of Gestalt Therapy
The main goal of Gestalt counseling is to help clients to dare to face numerous challenges and realities that must be faced. While the specific goals of this therapy is;
a. Assisting the client in order to gain personal awareness, understand the reality or the reality, as well as gain insight in full.
b. Helping clients towards the achievement of the integrity of his personality.
c. Alleviating the client of the condition depends on the consideration of others to self-regulate.
d. Increasing the awareness of individuals so that clients can behave according to the principle - the principle of Gestalt, all problematic situations that arise and always will arise can be resolved by either
E. Process Terapiutik
The goal of Gestalt therapy is not a major adjustment to the community goal of Gestalt therapy is the achievement of consciousness. Awareness with and myself considered curative. Without awareness, the client does not have the tools to change her personality. With awareness, the client has the ability to confront and accept the parts that denying the existence of and to relate to subjective experiences and reality. Clients can become a unified and comprehensive. If the client becomes aware, then the affairs that are not completed will always appear to be addressed in therapy.
1. The working principle of Gestalt Counselling
a. Emphasis Client Responsibilities
b. Orientation Now and Here
c. Experiential orientation
2. The function and role of the therapist
Gestalt therapy focuses on the client's feelings, awareness of present time, message body, and inhibitors of awareness (Corey, 1995: 338). Target maturity of the client and therapist is dismantling "hambatanhambatan that reduce the client's ability to stand on its own feet". Therapist's task is to assist clients in implementing the transition from support
external to the internal support to determine the position of stalemate. Therapists help clients to recognize and penetrate the deadlock by presenting situations that encourage clients to fully experience the ground up. Perls believed that frustrations are necessary for growth, because without frustration, people do not feel the need to explore the sources of herself and realizes that he can manipulate himself as manipulation done to the lai. hatihati if not, then the therapist will be sucked into the manipulation-manipulation of the client. Perls (1996 a hlm.36) suggested that the way to avoid possible manipulation of the client is to let clients find themselves lost its potential. Therapist's task is to present situations that support the growth with clients confront the path to the point where he faces a decision whether it will or will not develop the potential of an essential function of the Gestalt therapist is giving attention to his client's body language. Perls (1969a, hlm.54) says that the posture movements, mimikmimik face, doubts and so forth, can tell the real story. He warned that verbal communication often contain lies and that if the therapist focuses on the contents, then he loses the essence of private clients. Real communication in the opposite words.
Gestalt therapists often ask questions like: What does your eye? if this time you can talk hands, what will he say? Can you establish a conversation between the right and your left hand? General orientation of Gestalt therapy is tansporting manually greater responsibility by the client for their own, for pikiranpikiran,
feelings, and behavior. Therapists confront his clients in ways they are now menghindaritanggung their responsibilities and asked them to make decisions of the continuation of therapy. About what they want to learn from the therapy and about how they want menggunakanwaktu therapy.
Other problems that could be used as the main point of therapy could include the relationship between the client and the Trappist and ways of relating that are used by the client with the same therapist who uses therapy outside the meeting.
In a brief role in counseling gestalt therapist is;
a. Helping a client can hold a transition from external support to internal support and is dialkuakn denagn way to find the location of break-even. Breakeven is the point at which an individual avoid appreciation of feeling threatened by karenadia mearsa less comfortable.
b. Paying attention to the client's body language also put pressure on the relationship anatra language patterns with personality (Corey, 1995: 339-340) While the client in Gestalt therapy is the active participants who make penafsiarn-interpretations and meanings themselves. It is they who achieve increased awareness and that determines what will and will not be done in the learning process. (Corey, 1995: 341-342)
3. The relationship between therapist and client.
Gestalt therapy is an effective practice involves personal relationships to private between therapist and client. What matters is the therapist actively share perceptions and experiences of the present moment when he faces disin client and now. In addition, the therapist provides feedback, especially relating to what is done by the client through his body. The therapist must confront the client with an honest reactions and the direct and challenging client manipulations without rejecting personal kliensebagai (Corey, 1995: 344).
F. Techniques and Therapeutic Procedures
Gestalt therapy techniques include
1. Dialogue Exercise
2. Tour
3. I exercise Responsible
4. Playing Projection
5. Reversal Techniques
6 Stay with Feelings
7. Deuteronomy Games
8. Games exaggerate - exaggerated
Gestalt therapy is more than just a set of techniques or "games". If the personal interaction between therapist and client is at the core of the therapeutic process, techniques can be useful as a tool to assist clients to gain a fuller awareness. Levitsky and Peris (1970: 144-149) presents a brief description of the number of games that can be used in gestalt therapy, among others:
a. - Games dialogue
Gestalt therapy put a greater emphasis on separating the functions of personality. The main thing is the separation between the "top dog" and "underdog". Empty chair technique is a way to invite clients to externalize introyeksinya. In this technique two chairs placed in the middle of the room. The therapist asks the client to sit in a chair that one and play a role as "top dog" and then moved to another seat and became "underdog".
b. Tour
Gestalt therapy is an exercise in which clients are asked to get around to the members of the group and talk or do something with every member of it. The purpose of this technique is to confront, encourage, and reveals himself, experimenting with new behaviors.
c. My practice is responsible for ... "
In this phase, the therapist asked to make a statement on the statement dankemudian adding the phrase "and I am responsible for this". This technique is an extension of the continuum of consciousness and is designed to help people to recognize and accept the feelings rather than projecting his feelings or to others.
d. I have a secret
This technique is intended to explore the feelings of shame berdosadan. The therapist asks the client to fantasize about a personal secret that is well maintained. Imagine how they feel and how others react when they open secret.
e. Projections play
In the game of "playing projection" the therapist asks the client who says "I can not believe you" to play a role as people who can not put trust in order to reveal the extent of mistrust into the conflict within him.
f. Reversal technique
The theory underlying the reversal technique is the theory that the client go into a dreaded because they can cause anxiety and relationships with parts of ourselves that have been suppressed or denied. Therefore, this technique can help the client to start receiving personal attributes that have been tried denying.
g. Game replay
According to Perls, a lot of thought we are a rehash. In fantasy, we are repeating the roles that we think society expects us to play it. When it came time to display, we usually have stage fright or anxiety that we are afraid of not being able to play our roles well. Internal repetition serga spend a lot of energy and spontaneity often inhibit our willingness to experiment with new behavior.
h-game over-exaggerated
This game is associated with the concept of increasing awareness of the signs and subtle cues sent by someone through body language, movements, body attitudes, and mimic the face can communicate meanings that are important. Likewise cues are incomplete. Clients are asked to exaggerate gerakangerakannya or expression on the face repeatedly, which usually mengitensifkan feeling adrift on the behavior and make clearer the inner meaning.
i. Stay with the feeling
This technique can be used on the client shows the feeling or mood that is not fun that he really wanted to avoid it. The therapist urged the client to remain with or resist the feeling that want to avoid it.
j. Gestalt approach to dream work
Gestalt therapy is to interpret and analyze a dream, a dream brought back to life, recreating the dream. The concept of projection is dominant in Perls's theory about the formation of dreams. According to Perls every person and every object that is in the dream represents aspects that projected by the dream. Perls (1969a: 67) argued that "we proceed from the assumption that it is impossible that
whatever we believe, we see in others or in the world
another is not a projection. " A summary discussion of the work of dealing with this dream meant to introduce readers to the common ways in which dreams is a useful technique in gestalt therapy (Corey, 1995: 351-356).
Factors associated with the implementation stage of gestalt techniques are:
1. Time
2. Types of clients handled
3. Setting faced.
Shepherd (1970: 234-235) connecting themselves with these factors and underlines the problems that direfleksikannya: "In general gestalt therapy most effectively deal with individuals who are socialized to excess, inhibited and constricted often described as neurotic, fobik, perfeksonistik, ineffective, despresif and others that psychological functioning is limited or inconsistent. Mainly characterized by internal restrictions and the pleasures of his life at least. Most efforts thus gestalt therapy directed to people with these traits.
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